@article{oai:senshu-u.repo.nii.ac.jp:00011120,
 author = {Sato, Toshiki and Takano, Yuichi},
 journal = {Information Science and Applied Mathematics},
 month = {},
 note = {This paper is concerned with the nonparametric item response theory (NIRT) for estimating item characteristic curves (ICCs) and latent abilities of examinees on educational and psychological tests. NIRT models can estimate various forms of ICCs under mild shape restrictions, such as the constraints of monotone homogeneity and double monotonicity. However, NIRT models frequently suffer from estimation instability because of the great flexibility of nonparametric ICCs. To improve the estimation accuracy, we propose a novel NIRT model constrained by monotone homogeneity and smoothness based on ordered latent classes. Our smoothness constraints avoid overfitting of nonparametric ICCs by keeping them close to logistic curves. We also implement a tailored expectation–maximization algorithm to calibrate our smoothness-constrained NIRT model efficiently. We conducted computational experiments to assess the effectiveness of our smoothness-constrained model in comparison with the common two-parameter logistic model and the monotone-homogeneity model. The computational results demonstrate that our model obtained more accurate estimation results than did the two-parameter logistic model when the latent abilities of examinees for some test items followed bimodal distributions. Moreover, our model outperformed the monotonehomogeneity model because of the effect of the smoothness constraints.},
 pages = {1--20},
 title = {Smoothness-constrained Model for Nonparametric Item Response Theory},
 volume = {27},
 year = {2019}
}